Non Destructive Testing

what is a non-destructive test

A non-destructive test (NDT), also known as non-destructive inspection (NDI) or non-destructive evaluation (NDE), is a group of techniques used to assess the properties and integrity of materials, components, or structures without causing any permanent damage or alteration to them. NDT methods are vital for quality control, maintenance, and safety in various industries, including manufacturing, construction, aerospace, and more.

Key characteristics of non-destructive tests include:

Non-Intrusive: The NDT methods do not require alteration or even damage of the component or structure that is under assessment. This is rather more so compared to destructive testing methods which perhaps entail removing samples or exposing the material to conditions in which it will be completely ruined.

Non-Invasive: Another advantage with NDT is that no other new foreign substance or energy is introduced into the material or environment which in any way is destructive. This makes it possible that the test does not put at risk the item that is being tested or inspected.

Real-Time Inspection: The majority of the NDT techniques provide the results instantly to allow assement of the condition of material in question instantly. This is especially the case when making a fast decision on a quality, or a maintenance issue for instance.

Wide Range of Applications: NDT can be used for material like metal and non metal, plastics, composites, ceramics and many others for manufacturing and constructions industries, aerospace, automotive and energy sector, etc.

Common non-destructive testing methods include:

Ultrasonic Testing (UT): It uses high-frequency sound waves to convey information of flaws in the component or of thickness of material.

Radiographic Testing (RT): It therefore involves the use of X-rays or gamma rays in order to visualize the internal structure so as to see, for example, asthetic or mechanical flaws like crack, void or any other aggravated form of deformation.

Magnetic Particle Testing (MT): Identifies and differentiates external and internal discontinuities of ferromagnetic materials by utilising magnetic fields and magnetic particles.

Liquid Penetrant Testing (PT): Becomes apparent after applying a penetrant and then a developer thereby enhancing the slightly impaired surface area.

Eddy Current Testing (ET): Used for the detection of cracks, corrosion and other defects in conductive materials with the help of eddy currents and for the determination of the effect, which these currents produce.

Visual Inspection (VT): Direct inspection actual material or structure visible imperfections, cracks, corrosion of material and many more.

Infrared Testing (IR): Incorporates use of thermal scanners which identify changes in temperature that may be an indicative of fault or structures problems.

Acoustic Emission Testing (AE): Tests for the emission of stress waves or sound waves in materials used to detect flaws or defect.

NDT is invaluable during the evaluation of products, components, and structures without causing any harm and or damage on them. It assists in the early detection of problems and this may help prevent main failure and limit use of repair and replacement costs.

Define non-destructive testing

Non-destructive testing (NDT), non-destructive inspection (NDI) or non-destructive evaluation (NDE) can be defined as a number of methods and techniques aimed at assessment of material characteristics, integrity and quality of materials components or structures without damaging the tested objects. NDT techniques are used to identify defects, crack, discontinuities or weakness in the material or component of any object which are used without affecting their actual service. Its importance cannot be overemphasized, especially as it applies to manufacturing, construction, aerospace, and other industries in questions of safety, functionality, and quality of products and components and structures.

Non destructive testing examples

NDT can therefore be defined as a range of analysis techniquess which likely aiming to determine a material, component, structure or system and its suitability for use in relation to a change or weld and flaws without having to destructively test the original component.

Here are some examples of non-destructive testing:

• Visual inspection: They are as follows; This is the most basic level of NDT where; an inspector makes an inspection on any specific part without the aid of eye-glass, Hand lens or any other instrument.
• Liquid penetrant testing (PT): This method only use an invasive liquid material that when applied on the surface of test demonstrate ability in causing defects like cracks and void to be seen.
• Magnetic particle testing (MT): This one employs magnetic field to pull magnetic particles to the surface of a specimen and in this case, the defects are on the surface of the component.
• Ultrasonic testing (UT): It involves use of sound vibrations frequency used to identify internal faults such as cracks, and voids.
• Radiographic testing (RT): Comprising of X-rays or gamma rays, this works in the same process as the previous method to get an internal photograph of a member to check for flaws.
• Eddy current testing (ECT): This is a technique that works under the principle of electrical and magnetic fields in order to induce a current in the parts and so determine defects.

NDT is adopted in aerospace, automobile, civil construction and engineering, energy and manufacturing industries. This is a very useful tool if absolute quality and safety of products and structures are of interest.

Here are some examples of how NDT is used in different industries:

• Aerospace: NDT is applied in inspection of flaws in airplane sub-assemblies and individual components such as; crack, voids and corrosion inter alia.
• Automotive: Some of the characteristic such as crack, voids and inclusion in car part and component is evaluated using NDT.
• Construction: NDT is employed in checking the bridges, buildings and other structures for crack, corrosion, delamination and the like.
• Energy: NDT is also applied when it comes to power plants and other pipeline and structures within the energy industry for the purpose of examining whether a section or the whole structure has an defects such as a crack, corrosion or erosion.
• Manufacturing: NDT is also applied in the inspection of the produced items including the welds, cast, and forging for imperfections.

Besides facilitating the Acoustic Emission Technique and the Thermography Technique, NDT is important in the quality assurance and durability of products or structure in the industries. It is portable and flexible technology that can inspect almost any type of material or component as the following indicate:It is portable and flexible technology that can inspect almost any type of material or component as the following indicate:

what is non destructive testing in welding

Ndt or Nii in the context of welding is defined as the permitted use of test procedures to inspect the quality and integrity of the welds made on the welded structure without inflicting any form of damage on it. Holding weld is an exception since the major use of NDT in welding is to inspect the correctness of weld, or to detect the absence of any strength or performance characteristic in the welded area and to do all that without the additional cutting of the weld, or another form of destructive testing.

Common NDT methods used in welding inspection include:NDT methods frequently applied in weld inspection are:

Visual Inspection (VT): This is probably one of the easiest of all Non Destructive Test that any welder could probably do by eyes after preparation of the weld.

Radiographic Testing (RT): It is done in order to get a radiographic picture of the internal make up of the weld so that voids crack or inclusion can be seen.

Ultrasonic Testing (UT): In addition, for to get to know the internal defects or flaws which are in the weld as well as for its measurement, high-frequency sound waves are employed; besides it also identifies the crack, porosity, lack of fusion and others.

Magnetic Particle Testing (MT): In this method applied magnetic field on the weld and iron particles are used. Any surface or near surface discontinuities give rise to a leakage field which in turn can be easily measured and assessed.

Liquid Penetrant Testing (PT): A liquid penetrant is than put on a surface of the weld and once the penetrant has been given sufficient time for penetration the penetrant is rinsed off. A developer is then applied, to damp – this removes the penetrant from the discontinuities and then, one can describe surface defects.

Eddy Current Testing (ET): In the material induced eddy currents are developed and any variation with these currents are used to detect a surface or near-surface discontinuity in the weld.

Phased Array Ultrasonic Testing (PAUT): An ultrasonic method, which is more enhanced than the previous methods and that has ability to use the elements in order to produce images and check the weld for various types of flaws.

Time-of-Flight Diffraction (TOFD): An ultrasonic testing technique as a high-resolution technique for the determination of size of any defect that might exist at welds or joints in the form of cracks.

NDT in welding is very vital in determining if welds meet required standards and safety especially in constructions, manufacturing, oil and industries, and aerospace. It enables enough measures to be taken for welds which are in accord with the stipulated standards, codes or designs without any possibility for structural failure or erosion of integrity on the welded part or structure. Thus, the proper application of an NDT method or a number of methods and highly qualified employees is needful for estimating and documenting the quality of welded joints.

what is non destructive testing of concrete

Non destructive testing of concrete is actually the group of techniques that can be used to find out the properties of the concrete which are to be tested without affecting the original concrete structure. It can be employed to establish if the newly produced concrete is of high quality and to look for signs of defects in old concretes or just monitor a concrete’s health at a later time.

There are a variety of NDT methods that can be used to test concrete, including:

• Visual inspection: This is the basic method of NDT and it entails visual observation of the surface of the concrete to check for signs of cracks, spalling, variation of colour and others.
• Hammer testing: This requires hammering the surface of the concrete and depending on the sound produced, a decision about the necessary action to be taken is made. A metallic ringing which is quite sustained will tell that you are dealing with quality concrete while a dull sound which is like that of a drum is an indication of low quality of concrete.
• Rebound hammer testing: This method involves the use of rebound hammer in determination of hardness of concrete. The value which corresponds to a higher rebound is considered as a factor of a harder concrete while a lower value is considered as a factor of a softer concrete.
• Ultrasonic pulse velocity (UPV) testing: This method employs the use of ultrasonic pulse wave in determining velocity of the pulse wave as it goes through concrete. UPV of concrete means ultrasonic pulse velocity, and it defines the density of the concrete; hence, concrete ranging with higher UPV is denser compared to the concrete having lower UPV.
• Ground penetrating radar (GPR) testing: This method employs radar waves to establish image of concrete interior part to provide information on its structural condition. The main application of the GPR is in ascertaining defects including cracks, void, and delamination.

It should however be noted that the particular NDT method to be employed when testing concrete depends on the particular application that is required and the sort of information that can be sought from the material. For instance, visual examination can be used to check for surface flaws while the use of ultrasonic pulse velocity, UPV can be used to determine the density of concrete.

Non Destructive Testing is therefore significant in the inspection of concrete structures with a view of identifying their quality and safety. In concrete structures, by undertaking NDT techniques, it is possible to assess the defects and current status of the concrete, thus avoiding failures and increasing the service life of structures.

Here are some of the benefits of using NDT to test concrete:

• Non-destructive: NDT methods have no negative impacts on the concrete; the concrete under test is not harmed in anyway.
• Rapid results: Some of the NDT methods can give quick results and in case of making decision for repair or demolition it can work effectively.
• Cost-effective: NDT is economical in most of the cases and certainly cheaper compared to replacement or repairing of faulty concrete.

NDT has numerous applications in structures which are constructed with concrete material so, anyone engaged in construction, maintenance and inspection of concrete structures will benefit greatly from the use of NDT.

what does non destructive testing mean

Non-destructive testing (NDT), non-destructive inspection (NDI) or non-destructive evaluation (NDE) means testing and/or inspection done on materials, components, products or structures for the purpose of determining their characteristics, condition, performance or reliability without causing significant impairment of the service potential of the item being tested. NDT has one primary goal it is to find flaws, interruptions, the crack, porous area, or some other structural problem in the object without the harm of the object and without its inability to perform the intended function.

Acoustic methods involve the test of materials and structures by means of sound waves including ultrasound, electromagnetic field, Ray’s X-rays and thermal characteristics. It is applied in multiple industries such as manufacturing, construction, aerospace, automotive and additionally medical in a way to get safety, reliability and quality towards the goods, parts and structures.

Key characteristics of non-destructive testing include:Some features of NDT are as follows:

Non-Intrusive: NDT techniques are a group of non-destructive testing and as result they do not cause damage to the matters or structures that are being tested. Each of them perform without interference with other systems and should not cause any harm.

Non-Invasive: An aspect of all the NDT methods is that they do not introduce in the tested items any substance or energy that will harm the tested items. This way it is possible to leave out the impacts on the character of objects precipitated by the examination process.

Real-Time Inspection: Most of the methods of NDT provide an immediate result which is very crucial in ascertaining the fitness of a material for use or not or whether or not they require a maintenance.

Wide Range of Applications: NDT is used on various materials examples are metals, plastics, composites, ceramics, among others. In various industries, it is used in determining the quality of materials, parts and any structures that are intended to form part of a particular product.

There are many general technique of NDT which are used in this Mode of testing they are ultrasonic testing, radiographic testing, magnetic particle inspection testing, Liquid penetrant testing, Visual examination, Eddy current testing etc.

NDT is in fact important in examining the condition and flaw of shipments, equipments, as well as structures without causing any sort of harm to them. It also encourages identification of existing problems in processes meaning that there are few chances of expensive failures and constant repairs.

why is non destructive testing important

Non-destructive testing (NDT) is important for a number of reasons, including:NDT is a fundamental process that has several applications, and here they are:

• Safety: It can also be used for faults within materials and for components before they cause failures and this in a way can minimize on accidents and deaths.
• Quality assurance: NDT can also be used in inspection of the quality of the manufactured product and more to do with the material and parts used. The above is useful to a number of fields for example aerospace engineering, automobile engineering, construction engineering, energy and most manufacturing industries.
• Asset integrity management: NDT can be used in a CBM regime where it is not strange to be in a position to observe that an asset has for instance a crack that is actually growing in size and which could at some time in the future lead to huge failure. This in turn may help in making the decision to increase or to decrease the use of particular inputs in production and in the evaluation of the marginal product of assets and in controlling the maintenance cost.
• Environmental protection: NDT has its application in pipeline, storage tank and other structures in relation to the leakage and the crack of structures. It can also be used for avoiding discharge of toxic compounds to the environment where they are being produced.

Here are some specific examples of how NDT is used to improve safety and quality:

• It is applied in examinations of conducing parts and structures of aircrafts to detect regions with defects including crack and voidage. This assists in keeping aircraft safe for use by passengers and for the pilots who have to fly it.
• NDT is applied to ascertain the integrity of car parts and components on matters such as presence of crack and inclusions. This goes along the way of making certain that automobiles are secure for use through testing to establish that they are not compromised in any way.
• NDT carried out on the bridges, buildings, and other constructions to identify the defects like crack and corrosion are illustrated below-. This is helpful in enabling structures that have been erected to be checked for suitability for use.
• NDT is employed to check the power plants and pipelines and any other structure involved in production and transmission of energy for any defect such as cracks and erosion. It also helps in avoiding cases of accidents and thus the safeguarding of life and property or structures.
• NDT is employed to assess manufactured products, for instance welds, castings, and forgings for an imperfection. This helps in making sure that manufacture goods that are produced in the country are of normally acceptable quality.

NDT is a very useful method of the inspection of the different material and its components. It is a useful means for protection against risks, quality, and durability of products and constructions.

How does non destructive testing work

Non-destructive testing (NDT) therefore means a set of analysis procedures used to determine whether a material, part, structure or system differs in some characteristics from a reference standard, or whether post-welding examination reveals any flaws or discontinuities.

NDT functions in a way that depends on applying several processes to identify defects in products without actually harming the items. It is possible to use all these methods for identifying various types of imperfections such as cracks, porosity, clusters, corrosion and delaminations.

Some of the most common NDT methods include:

• Visual inspection: This is the simplest of NDT and involves visually inspecting the exterior surface of a component for flaws by either the naked eye or with the aid of the magnifying glass.
• Liquid penetrant testing (PT): This method employs a penetrant fluid that regulates to permitting the examination of surface fractures including, cracks and voids, among others.
• Magnetic particle testing (MT): This method employs use of magnetic field to bring on to the surface of a certain component magnetic particles, which exposes defects on the surface of the component.
• Ultrasonic testing (UT): This method employs test frequencies in the ultrasonic range to identify internal flaws including cracks and voids.
• Radiographic testing (RT): This is a non-destructive testing method where X-rays or gamma rays are taken to take photo image of internal structure of the component to check for defects.
• Eddy current testing (ECT): This technique employs an electromagnetic field where a current flow within a component is made to flow through an element that will enable detection of defects.

The particular NDT technique that will have to be employed will largely depend on such factors as material or component to be tested, and kind of defects expected.

Here is an example of how one type of NDT, ultrasonic testing (UT), works:

• To perform a UT test, a probe is brought in contact with the surface of the material or component under test.
• The probe is a device that sends sound waves of high frequency away into the material in question.
• The acoustic energy is transmitted through the material and bounce back in case there is any flaw in them.
• These reflected sound waves are then picked up by the probe and are changed into electrical signals.
• Any irregularities seen are located, sized and measured using the electrical signals that are triggered by the ultrasound waves sent into the weld.

UT is therefore very effective when used in inspecting internal defects on materials and components that are manufactured. They find its application in aerospace industry, automotive industry, construction industry, energy and manufacturing industries.

NDT is one of the critical means in order to assess the safety, quality and reliability of products and structures. It is a very general kind of technology which can be applied to the assessment of many and quite unrelated types of material and part.

NDT methods

That is, non-destructive testing is the examination of materials by techniques that do not damage the component under test In this regard, there are many types of non destructive testing Finally, the choice of the specific type of the NDT method will depend on the type of material or structure to be tested and the kind of the discontinuity that it is required to detect.

Here are some of the most common NDT methods:

• Destructive testing techniques:
• Visual inspection: This is the simplest form of NDT where by an operator directly observes the part being tested either with the naked eye or even through lens and looks for cracks.
• Liquid penetrant testing (PT): In this method a wetting agent is infused into a conductive test piece so as to demonstrate the conductivity of the surface in the form of cracks and voids.
• Magnetic particle testing (MT): This kind of method involve use of magnetic particles in order to attract them to the surface of the component under test with visible surface defects.
• Ultrasonic testing (UT): This technique utilizes ultrasonic waves that are sounds waves, above audible range in other to detect internal defect such as crack and voids.
• Radiographic testing (RT): This method use X-ray, gamma ray to take image of the internal structure of a given part with an aim of detecting the defects.
• Eddy current testing (ECT): This method operating on the basis of the application of magnetic field on a component with the intention to make electrical currents in the component in order to locate the flaws.

Other NDT methods include:

• Acoustic emission testing (AE): It involves the usage of acoustic sensors placed on the materials and components in order to pick energy emitted by defects.
• Infrared thermography (IT): It employs the use of infrared cameras to pick temperature variations due to the flaws in materials and components.
• Leak testing: This method employs alot of techniques for the detection of leaks in systems under pressure.
• Magnetic flux leakage (MFL): This one involves the application of an electromagnetic field to find the flaws in ferromagnetic materials like steel.

In manufacturing sector, NDT methods are applied in making of aerospace products, Automobiles, construction machinery and energy producing instruments. The applications of NDT are as follows: The most significant benefit of NDT is that it plays an important role in maintaining safety, quality, and reliability of products and structures.

Here are some examples of how NDT is used in different industries:

• Aerospace: NDT is applied to screen parts and components of aircrafts for discontinuity like crack, voids and corrosion. This keep helps ensuring that planes are safe to fly.
• Automotive: NDT is employed to assess the condition of the cars and its parts and or components for flaws that may include crack and inclusion among others. This assists in preserving the safety of cars in that they are put on the road once they have been confirmed to be safe.
• Construction: NDT is used to assess bridges, buildings and other structures with a view of detecting defects such as crack, corrosion among others. This contributes to the confirmation that structures are thereby safe for use.
• Energy: NDT is employed to check for flaws like the pit, crack and erosion in power plants, pipelines etc in the energy sector. So as to curb the occurrences of accidents, and to achieve the protection of lives, and property.
• Manufacturing: It is employed at factories to check manufactured commodities like welds, castings, forgings etc for imperfections. This in turn assists in ascertaining that the manufacture of goods provides quality products endowment.

NDT as has been discussed can be used by any person that is involved in construction, maintenance or inspection of components and material used in structures.

NDT is used to determine

Non-destructive testing (NDT) is employed to assess a number of important characteristics of materials, parts and structures in a non-destructive manner. These aspects include:

Flaws and Defects: NDT is used in the identification and determination of the position of cracks, voids and other defects in the materials and structures. These are cracks, voids, inclusions and discontinuities likely to impair quality or safety of the item under test.

Material Properties: It is possible to use NDT methods to determine the hardness, density, or the elastic modulus of material. It is useful in determining the adequate and safe use of materials in order to meet the design requirements.

Thickness: NDT can be also applied as a contact or non-contact measurement technique for thickness thickness of materials such as metal, plastic or composites. This is very critical for tracking the corrosion or erosion on the inner walls of pipes, tanks and other structural members.

Weld Integrity: NDT is widely applied in weld inspection in order to guarantee the quality of welding connections and their conformity to necessary standards. It can equally identify weld flaws such as cracks, incomplete penetration, porosity and inclusions.

Corrosion and Erosion: NDT methods are employed for detection and classification of degradation or damage such as corrosion, erosion and other forms, in structures, pipelines, equipment and other components.

Structural Integrity: NDT is used to evaluate the health status of the component or structure, whether it has cracks or other forms of weaknesses that could give in at any one time.

Material Identification: It also possible for NDT to establish if a specific component is made of a particular material. This is perhaps especially the case in industries where the characteristics of the materials to be used, and their consistency, are paramount.

Leak Detection: There are methods that are employed to help detect and even locate leakages in pressure vessels, pipelines and other methods of containment including helium leak testing.

Wear and Tear: It may also be applied in the examination of parts for signs or wear and tear that can be used to estimate the remaining lifespan of the part. This is critical in scheduling for maintenance and other preventive measures to be taken so as not to be caught up with a failure.

Compliance with Standards: NDT plays the most critical role of making certain that the materials and structures meet the various standards needed to suit a given industry, code and regulations. Through its activities, it affirms that products and their components are safe and of the needed quality.

Quality Assurance: NDT has an important function of quality assurance and quality check where by manufacturers and service sector maintain quality products/Services.

Safety and Reliability: In the long run, the benefits of NDT are meant to improve on the safety and reliability of the equipment being used. NDT has the advantage of making an equipment inspect in order to detect defects, damages and possible problems that may cause an equipment to fail completely and have an accident, thus minimizing on large scale failures and accidents besides 繧aving a saving on repairs.

NDT is widely used in industries such as manufacturing, construction, aerospace, automobile, oil and gas, power plants and generation, and health care to work for the reliability and safety of materials, parts or structures. In certain materials, for certain applications and when seeking for specific information, the right NDT method becomes critical.

NDT techniques

Non-destructive testing or inspection does nonhazardous assessment on properties of material, component, structure or a system of testing without in any way affected the performance or in some circumstances does not even necessitate the item tested to be removed from service or disassembled. It can be applied for evaluating newly developed material and components for assigning a rank to them; it can also be applied to detect faults and imperfections of material and components; it can also be used for detecting changes in condition of the material, as well as in the components, with time.

Therefore, there are a number of NDT techniques that can be used and each of these too has relative advantage and disadvantage. The particular or real NDT method which is to be used will depend on the nature of the material or component that is being tested, the type of flaw that is intended to be detected and finally the degree of precision needed.

Some of the most common NDT techniques include:

• Visual inspection: It is the simplest and the earliest approach to the identification of flaws in a material or component and best done by the naked eye or with the help of an ordinary hand lens.
• Liquid penetrant testing (PT): This one is a participant to the application of a liquid that does the following: Upon application of the liquid on the metallic surface all the crack and the voids that may be present on the surface of the metal are exposed.
• Magnetic particle testing (MT): This technique makes use of magnet field in such a manner that it will bring into contact with magnetic particles the surface of a material or part that has defects.
• Ultrasonic testing (UT): This technique involves the use of ultrasonic frequencies to identify internal defects like; cracks & voids In this technique, one places a probe with ultrasonic frequencies in contact with the surface of the material with a view of identifying the internal defects.
• Radiographic testing (RT): Known as ‘mettalagraphy’, this forms an inverted picture of inside of material or of a fragment of material which may be used to study imperfection by X-rays or gamma rays.
• Eddy current testing (ECT): It is technique that uses currents of electricity in magnetic field to look for faults in a system or some portion of that system.

Other NDT techniques include:

• Acoustic emission testing (AE): In this technique the sensors are used to pickup energy from acoustic signs that are produced by defects in materials and components.
• Infrared thermography (IT): In this technique a set of infrared cameras are used to capture images and display thermal features as well as difference in temperature which is arisen by material and parts imperfection.
• Leak testing: This technique makes use of a number of practices, which are utilized in pressures systems in the identification of regions where fluid is being lost.
• Magnetic flux leakage (MFL): This technique using magnetic fields as mean to detect defects in ferromagnetic materials like steel.

NDT is applied in many sectors in industries including aviation, automotive, construction, power production and manufacturing amongst other sectors. NDT has the option to evaluate the mechanical well being of equipments and structures used in industries.

Here are some examples of how NDT techniques are used in different industries:

• Aerospace: These methods are used in NDT of parts and components of an aircraft for indicating flaws such as crack, void, corrosion etc to ensure that Aircraft in-service are accessed and any potential problems corrected before they occur.
• Automotive: The coating of NDT is done onto car parts and its components with the objective of identifying features including cracks and inclusions. This helps to ensure that samples of car are fit for use by driving them.
• Construction: Another NDT method used is applied on bridge, building and structure to locate crack or rusting on the surface of structure. This serves to ensure that any building to be occupied by the public is safe to be occupied by them.
• Energy: It is used in the assessment of power plant, pipes and other structures in the energy sector for imperfection such as cracks and corrosion. Therefore, it helps in the prevention of the occurrence of major disasters and which would cost lives, and/or property.
• Manufacturing: It is used on manufacture part for example welds, castings, forging to check for the defect. This helps in ensuring that the end products manufactured are of good standard.

NDT is useful in practice to anyone involved in fabrication, maintenance or inspection of materials and structures.

Non-destructive testing and evaluation

NDT&E is a concerned testing methodology that employs both non-destructive testing, also referred to as NDT, and non-destructive evaluation also known as NDE for the determination of properties, condition, and/or quality of materials, components or structures. This is an amalgam of methods which provides over all overview of an article’s viability without harming it in any way or changing it permanently. Its main reason is to serve the interest of safety, reliability and quality of products, components and structures that are used in different sectors of the economy. Here's a breakdown of these two components:Here's a breakdown of these two components:

Non-Destructive Testing (NDT): NDT is a technique that comprises of methods and approaches employed for the identification of defects, discontinuities and other abnormalities in materials, parts or systems without affecting the integrity of the said materials, parts or systems. The techniques of NDT are used to quantify some particular characteristic including material property, crack, thickness, and strength. NDT methods for further discussion comprises of; ultrasonic testing (UT), radiographic testing (RT), magnetic particle testing (MT), liquid penetrant testing (PT), visual inspection testing (VT) among others.

Non-Destructive Evaluation (NDE): NDE is in fact a more comprehensive umbrella term for all methods and techniques for assessing the condition of materials, components and structures. It comprises NDT methods, as well as other evaluation methods which give information in addition to the detection of flaws. NDE techniques are therefore intended to provide information on the global structural integrity and capacity of an artifact. These may be finite element analysis, vibration analysis, thermography, acoustic emission and etc.

NDT and NDE are complementary techniques and their use facilitates the evaluation of materials and structures in the best way possible. Besides defining structural flaws and vices, it offers prognosis of the condition of the item, structural durability and future performance potential of the item being reviewed. This integrated approach is especially relevant in industries where factors such as reliability, safety, and avoidance of major organisational failures are of major concern.

Indeed, the selection of the prime NDT and NDE technologies is highly dependent on the material that is to be examined and the sort of information that should be obtained to make an assessment. NDT&E has an important function in quality monitoring, preservation, and safety in several sectors, including manufacturing, construction engineering, aerospace, automotive, and product construction sectors.

Non destructive testing in aerospace industry

NDT as the name implies are methods used for failure analysis, variations in characteristics of the material, component or structure and any welded jointries and any other abnormalities such as discontinuities etc, while the integrity of the actual part subjected to such examinations is not compromised.

NDT stands for Non Destructive Testing and it is used in a wide spectrum of fields, though aerospace industry has been particularly sensitively to it. Aircrafts and spacecrafts because of the high amount of detail that is included in their construction must be able to withstand high stress and various forms of extreme conditions. It is used to ensure that the raw materials as well as the segments to be used in the construction of aircrafts and spacecrafts have no technological flaws.

Some of the most common NDT methods used in the aerospace industry include:

• Ultrasonic testing (UT): UT operates using the principle of frequency range annexed through sound waves to pull out the defects inherent in the material and the parts and assemblies that make up the material. UT is very effective method for crack, void and other defects detection in aircraft and space craft structures.
• Radiographic testing (RT): RT may involve the use of X-rays or gamma rays in forming the picture of the interior of a material or part. Some of these are cracks, voids and corrosion on plate members used in air craft and space craft construction and RT is employed in detecting such flaws.
• Eddy current testing (ECT): ECT in reference to Electromagnetic Contactless Testing is method in which an external magnetic field which induces current flow in a material or a component. The main use of ECT is in the testing of surface and subsurface cracks in conductive materials that are extensively used in the manufacture of aircrafts and spacecrafts for instance aluminum and titanium.
• Magnetic particle testing (MT): MT uses a mag-netic field to make the mag-netic particles gather at the out-side surface of the object to be measured. besides that Ferromagnetic materials most especially the steel used in construction of aircrafts and spaceships can also be subjected to MT to check on the surface and Sub-surface defects.

NDT is used for material and component certification, as well as, for the certification of aircraft and spacecraft. NDT is also used on service aircrafts and spacecrafts to ensure that other cracks that the aircrafts or spacecrafts may possibly develop in the future are detected.

NDT is very crucial in the integrity of both aircraft and space craft. NDT assist the aerospace industry in figuring out the issues and to fix them hence ensure its products conform to high quality and safe standards.

Here are some specific examples of how NDT is used in the aerospace industry:

• UT is applied in the detection of cracks and any other structural flaws on the wings of aero plane.
• RT is applied for Non-Destructive Testing of aircraft engines to check for crack formation and corrosion.
• ECT is used for non-destructive testing for cracks and other defects with the aircraft landing gears.
• The item is used in the manufacture of aircraft weld inspection for defects known as MT.

It is very important for the safety of the aircrafts and the spaceships to use NDT in the manufacturing process. It is proving to be a very flexible method that can be applied to a very large number of components in search of almost any type of flaw.

Important Benefits of The NDT Testing Methods

Non-destructive testing (NDT) therefore refers to a group of analysis techniques employed with the objective of ascertaining whether a certain material, component, structure or system has features that differentiate it from others, or whether it contains welds, or other discontinuities which could prove detrimental as the testing is done without adversely affecting the original structure. NDT is employed for check-up of new manufactured materials and components, for detection of imperfection in existing materials and components and to evaluate the condition of materials and components at some later time.

NDT testing methods offer a number of important benefits, including:

• Safety: The defects that are normally revealed by NDT can be utilized in determining the areas of the material and components that need repairs or replacement before they lead to failure thereby avoiding mishaps that may result in losses and even deaths.
• Quality assurance: NDT can be used to verify the condition and qualify of the materials and parts to be used as per the requirements and specifications. This is mainly important for aerospace, automotive, construction, energy, manufacturing sectors and many other sectors as well.
• Asset integrity management: Through NDT, condition of an asset can be checked at some interval of time and probable failures in future can be detected at initial stage. This can go a long way in improving the service time of assets and at the same time lower on maintenance expenses.
• Environmental protection: NDT can mostly be applied on pipelines and storage tanks to check for presence of leaks and/or cracks on them. This can in turn assist in averting the situation whereby more dangerous substances are let out into the atmosphere.

Here are some specific examples of how NDT is used to improve safety and quality:

• NDT is employed to examine the integrity of parts and components of aircraft for discontinuities including cracks and voids. This assists in making sure that aircraft are not a danger to be on.
• NDT is employed to check the car parts and components where there can be possible crack indications and inclusions. This assists in checking that cars are fit for the roads.
• NDT is also used to assess the integrity of the external and internal structure of bridges, buildings and other structures for crack and corrosion amongst other flaws. This assists in making sure that structures that are developed are safe for use.
• NDT is applied to check the condition of power plant, pipeline and other energy facilities for such as cracks, erosion and others. It also helps in avoiding of accidents and increase on safety of people and other property that may be in the station.tured goods, such as welds, castings, and forgings, for defects. This helps to ensure that manufactured goods meet quality standards.

Application of NDT is also done to observe the manufactures products like welds, castings and forgings etc for any kind of defects. It assist in making sure that the manufactured products do meet the stipulated quality standards.

It is particularly worth to note that NDT is a flexible and highly applicable technology which may be applied to the inspection of many product types and materials. It became a fundamental technique for guaranteeding safety, quality and reliability of products and Structural works.

In addition to the four benefits listed above, NDT also offers a number of other advantages, including:

• Cost-effectiveness: NDT techniques are more often than not cheaper that way, if at all we are to judge them based on the cost of cost of correcting a material or part with a defect.
• Speed: Some of the NDT methods can be very quick, the results come in minutes to hours and therefore is very appropriate in cases of repair or demolition.
• Accuracy: The NDT methods are, it should be noted, as accurate as they can measure even those defects which cannot be detected by the naked eye.

NDT procedure is very helpful to those who is putting up, rehabilitating or assessing the material and its parts. It is an adaptable technology which can be used to ensure the integrity of product or structure and reliability as well as quality of these structures.

Non-Destructive Testing (NDT) | Process, Types & Applications

Non-destructive testing may be defined as a general group of analysis for the determination of characteristics of a material, part, structure or system, welds or discontinuities for difference without causing damage to the original artifact. It is also employed in assessing the quality of the new materials and part to check on the existing defects in the material and par and also used in testing on the deterioration of the material and part over a period.

Process

The NDT process typically involves the following steps:

1. Preparation: The cross sectional area of the material or the component to be observed is washed with a view of washing it to a status where all forms of residue are done away with.
2. Inspection: This can range from giving an account of the NDT method that is suitable or appropriate for the material or component to be examined and/or tested. They are compiled based on the conclusion of the inspection that has taken place.
3. Interpretation: The outcomes of the inspection are assessed in order to discover whether there are some defects, and, in addition, what type of defects and how severe they are.
4. Reporting: This inspection information is sent to the respective people.

Types

Concerning the classification of NDT methods, there can be distinguished a great number of them, and each of them has its advantages and limitations. The selection of the specific NDT technique that has to be used will depend on the material or the part to be tested, the type of flaw expected to be detected and the extent of flaw size that should be determined.

Some of the most common NDT methods include:

• Visual inspection: It is the most basic approach to with NDT and requires human eye or better still other eye improving optical instruments just to look at the outer surface of the material or a component in search of vices.
• Liquid penetrant testing (PT): This one using a penetrant fluid able to be used in revealing visible defects on the surface of the metal part.
• Magnetic particle testing (MT): This one involves a magnetic field that magnetic particles cling to the surface of a material or part by and this assist in identifying surface defects.
• Ultrasonic testing (UT): This methods make use of ultrasonic waves which are high frequency sound waves used to inspect routined flaws such as cracks or voids.
• Radiographic testing (RT): Its working entails application of X-ray or gamma rays to provide a picture on internal structure of a material to facilitate a visual check for defects.
• Eddy current testing (ECT): This is a method that relies on application of magnetic field in inducing electrical current in the substance or a component in a bid to check for flaws.

Other NDT methods include:

• Acoustic emission testing (AE): This method employs the use of probes or sensors for it to record the sounds that are released through the tampered confined acoustic energy of defects in materials and components.
• Infrared thermography (IT): This method uses infrared cameras that capture thermal changes which is caused by material and component defects.
• Leak testing: This method involves the use of a number of techniques that aids in determination of those areas where there is a leakage in pressured systems.
• Magnetic flux leakage (MFL): This method involves the uses of magnetic fields for the purposes of find out the defects which are present within ferromagnetic materials such as steel.

Applications

Due to its suitability in addressing a broad range of industrial and organizational application problems it can be used in almost any field including aerospace industries, automobile industries, construction industries, energy industries and manufacturing industries. It has its application in products and structures so as to ensure their safety, quality and reliability.

Here are some specific examples of how NDT is used in different industries:

• Aerospace: NDT is used for inspection of the elements and members of airplanes for flaw for instance crack, void corrosion, etc., and this aid in confirming that airplanes in the region is fit for use.
• Automotive: NDT is used in the assessment of the cars and all its components or subsystems for flaws such as cracks or inclusions that may be present. This goes a long way in ensuring that only safe cars to be on the road are on the road.
• Construction: NDT is used in the check up of bridges, buildings and other structures for defects such as cracks and corrosion. This help in protection of structures and in the process enable them to be employed.
• Energy: For example, NDT is used for the flaw detection on power plants, pipelines and other energy structures that may have such features as crack, and erosion among others. This makes it possible for them to reduce possibilities of an accident and to ensure that lives as well as property are protected.
• Manufacturing: In general, the NDT is used to make tests on manufactured products including but not limited to welds, castings and forgings with the aim of identifying the abnormal parts in those manufactured products. This helps to ensure manufactured products to meet the required quality standards to pass for use by the public.

As for the application, anyone, involved in construction maintenance, and inspection of materials and components will find NDT useful. ULIS is a versatile and very portable system applied for the detection of various types of flaw in many types of material and part.

Destructive and Nondestructive Testing of Welds | How NDT Ensures Quality

Relationships in construction industry cannot be overemphasized and they are widely sued in manufacturing and transportation industries. In the case where weld quality is compromised the structure or product that it is incorporated in might be lethal or at best unreliable. This is why there is a requirement to perform both destructive and non destructive test (NDT) on welds if they are to meet the quality requirement.

Destructive Testing

Non destructive testing can also be referred to as non destructive examination and is a technique for evaluating welds and in most occasions, the region surrounding them, to destruction. This type of testing is normally exercised to both; to qualify a new weld procedure as well as for proving a cause for a particular weld failure.

Some examples of DT methods include:

• Tensile testing: Actually, this test is to examine the mechanical performance of the welded joint and resultant tensile stress until failure.
• Bend testing: This test establishes the degree with which the weld can be bent without fracturing off or cracking at weld zone.
• Impact testing: This to assess the quality of hardness of the welded area through impact test involving striking welded area using swinging metallic ball.
• Hardness testing: This tests establishes a measure of the hardness of the weld through the application of some force that is applied to the weld through the indenter.

Non-Destructive Testing

Non-destructive testing (NDT) can be define as a set of procedures that are used for the purpose of identifying changes in properties of the given material, object, construction or a system, as well as weld and their flaws that do not harm the item being tested. NDT can be used in testing and evaluating the newly manufactured material and components, the present material and components for defects and finally monitoring the condition of the material and components over a period of time.

Penetration testing is also referred to as Non Destructive Testing, NDT, because it does not impact on the weld or the material. This makes it easy for the weld to be checked severally in the course of the times that this particular weld will be in use.

Some examples of NDT methods include:

• Visual inspection: This is also referred to as visual examination and is the simplest and least scientific of all the NDT and can be conducted with the help of bare eyes, magnifying lens etc.
• Liquid penetrant testing (PT): In this technique, a dye to the surface and it is in this that we discover defects on the surface of a material such as cracks, and voids.
• Magnetic particle testing (MT): This is the method that involves application of magnetic field that pulls magnetic particle to the surface of the weld and with it is brought out the surface defects.
• Ultrasonic testing (UT): This method employs ultrasonic waves of high frequency RANGE to inspect the inside parts for cracks, and voids and the like.
• Radiographic testing (RT): This method employs either X-ray or gamma rays to provide picture of the inter structure of the weld which can be used for assessment of flaws.
• Eddy current testing (ECT): This method uses an application of magnetic field where by currents are induced in the weld and the induced currents assist in the identification of the flaws.

How NDT Ensures Quality

Non-destructive testing also known as NDT has the major function of inspecting welds. NDT is useful because if defect indications are found at an early stage, weld failures can be prevented and the safety and reliability of structures and products can be enhanced.

In addition, it is applied to check for compliance with various standards concerning the quality of welds. For instance, in nuclear power generators, it is used to inspect welds of structural components with regard to safety standards.

Besides the function of quality assurance, NDT is also employed in observing condition of the welds over a period of time. This is important because the welds can experience some form of degradation after sometime and this can be attributed to fatigue, corrosion or stress. The effectiveness of NDT is that through assessment of the welds’ status, it is possible to diagnose the probable defects that may result in failure.

NDT can be defined in very broad terms as a method that can be effectively used in welds reliability assurance. NDT is important for detecting defects and assessing the condition of welds that could further help the businesses on safety and performance of products and structures.

Important Benefits of The NDT Testing Methods

Non-destructive testing (NDT) is a group of analysis techniques used to evaluate the properties of a material, component, structure or system for characteristic differences or welding defects and discontinuities without causing damage to the original part. NDT is used to assess the quality of new materials and components, to identify defects in existing materials and components, and to monitor the condition of materials and components over time.

NDT testing methods offer a number of important benefits, including:

• Safety: NDT can be used to identify defects in materials and components before they cause failures, which can help to prevent accidents and injuries.
• Quality assurance: NDT can be used to ensure that materials and components meet quality standards. This is important for a wide range of industries, including aerospace, automotive, construction, energy, and manufacturing.
• Asset integrity management: NDT can be used to monitor the condition of assets over time and identify any potential problems before they cause major failures. This can help to extend the service life of assets and reduce maintenance costs.
• Environmental protection: NDT can be used to inspect pipelines, storage tanks, and other infrastructure for leaks and cracks. This can help to prevent the release of hazardous materials into the environment.

Here are some specific examples of how NDT is used to improve safety and quality:

• NDT is used to inspect aircraft parts and components for defects, such as cracks and voids. This helps to ensure that aircraft are safe to fly.
• NDT is used to inspect car parts and components for defects, such as cracks and inclusions. This helps to ensure that cars are safe to drive.
• NDT is used to inspect bridges, buildings, and other structures for defects, such as cracks and corrosion. This helps to ensure that structures are safe to use.
• NDT is used to inspect power plants, pipelines, and other energy infrastructure for defects, such as cracks and erosion. This helps to prevent accidents and ensure the safety of people and property.
• NDT is used to inspect manufactured goods, such as welds, castings, and forgings, for defects. This helps to ensure that manufactured goods meet quality standards.

NDT is a versatile and adaptable technology that can be used to inspect a wide variety of materials and components. It is an essential tool for ensuring the safety, quality, and reliability of products and structures.

In addition to the four benefits listed above, NDT also offers a number of other advantages, including:

• Cost-effectiveness: NDT methods are generally cost-effective, especially when compared to the cost of repairing or replacing defective materials or components.
• Speed: NDT methods can provide rapid results, which can be helpful for making decisions about repairs or demolition.
• Accuracy: NDT methods are generally very accurate, and can be used to detect defects that are too small to be seen with the naked eye.

NDT is an essential tool for anyone involved in the construction, maintenance, or inspection of materials and components. It is a versatile and adaptable technology that can be used to ensure the safety, quality, and reliability of products and structures.

How to Become a Non-Destructive Testing (NDT) Technician

NDT technician requires one to go through series of educational, training, testing, certification and experience. It cannot be denied that NDT technicians have important duties in industries and business that involves the protection and improvement of material, components, structures and systems. Here are the steps to become an NDT technician:The following steps can be completed to become an NDT technician:

Educational Foundation:

• High School Diploma or Equivalent: It’s possible to start the course immediately after getting a high school diploma or equivalent or GED and can last up to five years of college. Any course in the Mathematical field can be of great help as well as any course in the Scientific and technological field such as the set Mathematics courses, Science courses, Technology courses.

Choose an NDT Method:

• Make your selection on the particular NDT Technique(s) that you would like to specialize in. Some of the generic NDT methods include among the following: ultrasonic testing: radioactive testing: magnetic particle examination: liquid penetrant examination: and visual examination.

Education and Training:

• Pursue formal education and training in your chosen NDT method. This can be accomplished through community colleges, technical schools, or NDT training centers. Some programs offer certificate or associate degree programs in NDT.

Gain Practical Experience:

• Practical experience is essential. Many NDT programs include hands-on training and internships. Gaining experience in an industrial setting is valuable for honing your skills.

Certification:

• Get certified for the NDT techniques of your choice. These are generally awarded by bodies such as the American Society for Nondestructive Testing (ASNT) and are accepted by employers and licensing bodies.

Examination:

• In order to get certified, the applicant has to take and pass a certification exam which applies for the chosen NDT method. The assessments are usually in the form of written tests as well as practical assessments.

Continuing Education:

• Continuing education should be pursued by NDT technicians in order to be knowledgeable of the various practices and new technologies. It is usually necessary to retain and, if necessary, replenish certifications.

Specialize and Advance:

• With experience and additional certification the individual can narrow the field of interest in NDT or progress to the higher degree of complexity in the NDT methods or job title of Level II or Level III technician.

Build a Career:

• Live up to professional membership for example for ASNT and also interact with other Non-destructive testing professionals. This can help in moving up the career ladder or in getting a new job if one is sacked or if one wants a change.

Safety and Ethical Standards:

• Concisely, but comprehensively protect the safety and ethicality of the conducting work. NDT technicians should always embrace safety at the workplace and their work output should be extremely professional.

Job Search:

• Start your job search. Technicians which specialize in non-destructive testing are employed in industries such as aerospace, manufacturing, construction, oil and gas, and so on.

Stay Informed:

• Learn the current trends with the NDT and the latest technologies that are in the market. Everything you learn here will assist you in becoming a useful employee or more specific to your position, a valuable cog in your organization.

To become an NDT technician, one has to devote his/her time in learning embracing safety measures as well as embracing high quality. It is a very promising field that can open doors to vast field of practice in many fields where materials and structures need to be closely inspected and tested.

Non destructive testing salary

Since experience, location and industry varies the salary range for NDT technicians and inspectors include a wide range of money. However, the average of the NDT technicians and inspectors In the United States is around the $65000 per year.

The most well paid NDT technicians and Inspectors are in the oil and gas sub-sect, they are paid up to over a hundred and thousand dollars annually. Other good paying industries include aerospace, automobile, constructions and manufactures for technicians and inspectors in NDT.

According to the bureau of Labour Statistics the employment of NDT technicians and Inspectors has a projection of employment increase to 4% in the period 2020- 2030 which is better than average average for all occupations. The increase in adoption of NDT is expected to be driven by the increasing use of NDT in the aerospace industries; automotive industries; construction industries and many others.

Here are some factors that can affect the salary of an NDT technician or inspector:

• Experience: It will be expected, therefore, that those NDT technicians and inspectors with more years of experience are paid more than less experienced workers.
• Location: Technicians and Inspectors of NDT who work in areas of high cost such as big cities will earn more than those in low cost areas.
• Industry: The technicians and inspectors of NDT working within the higher paid industries as the oil industry tend to have much higher earnings compared to those technicians working in the low paid industries.
• Certifications: Technicians and inspectors who are certified by professional bodies particularly the ASNT earn better than those technicians and inspectors who are not certified.

If you are interested in becoming an NDT technician or inspector, there are a number of things you can do to increase your earning potential:If you are intending to pursue a course in NDT technician or inspector there are several measures that one can take so as to boost his or her earnings.

• Gain experience: Such policy is quite simple: the final diploma cannot be the only criterion; the longer a candidate’s practice, the more useful he or she is to potential employers.
• Get certified: To work for a certification by a professional body will ensure that your expertise is well known among employers.
• Network with other NDT professionals: When sharing with other NDT specialists one can learn about new vacancies and also get new information regarding trends in the field of activity.

Non-Destructive Testing Q&A

Here are some common questions and answers about non-destructive testing (NDT):

What is NDT?

NDT is a group of analysis techniques used in carrying out a premeditated evaluation of material, component, structure or system for variations in weldings or defects and discontinuities without consequent damage to the piece. Once again, NDT is used in assessment of new material and composites, to detect faults within material and composites and is used in identification of deterioration of material and composites over time.

What are the different types of NDT?

However, there are many options of the approach to the NDT inspection service that could be utilized and each of them is imbued with its strengths and weaknesses. The particular technique that will be used will depend with the type of material or component being tested, types of defects that will be sought or accuracy one wants to obtain.

Some of the most common NDT methods include:

• Visual inspection
• Liquid penetrant testing (PT)
• Magnetic particle testing (MT)
• Ultrasonic testing (UT)
• Radiographic testing (RT)
• Eddy current testing (ECT)

Other NDT methods include:

• Acoustic emission testing (AE)
• Infrared thermography (IT)
• Leak testing
• Magnetic flux leakage (MFL)

What are the benefits of NDT?

NDT offers a number of benefits, including:

• Safety: Application: Before they finally culminate in failure and causes accidents and injuries, faults on materials’ and components can be ‘virtually’ detected on NDT.
• Quality assurance: In detailed, NDT can be applied for inspection and verification of quality of material and components. This is particularly so in the aerospace, automobile, building and construction, energy and manufacturing industries among others.
• Asset integrity management: NDT when applied can be used for checking purpose of the structure of the asset over a given period of time to note any signs of developing failure and – there-fore, is best avoided when it has turned into a big failure. This can go along way towards lengthening the working life of the assets and of course reducing the repeat expenses.
• Environmental protection: NDT can also be used for the examination of pipelines and storage tanks and other structures for crack or leakage It can aid in the prevention of release of hazardous waste in to the society.

What are some examples of how NDT is used?

NDT is used in a wide variety of industries, including:

• Aerospace: NDT is used during an assessment of the aircraft part or component in an effort to detect a flaw such as a crack or a void. This is advantageous in ensuring that only aircraft that are in a good shape for a flight are allowed to fly.
• Automotive: NDT is also used to inspect the automotive parts and their subassemblies for discontinuities such as cracks, and inclusions. This helps in ensuring that cars are road worthy; this is the aim of automobile recalls.
• Construction: NDT is used on the bridge, buildings and other structure to check for signs of Imperfection for instance; crack, corrosion among others. This makes it possible to protect structures for use as a form of value.
• Energy: NDT is employed in the examination of power plants and other structures of the gigantic energy industry and pipelines for flaws such as cracks and erosion. This help in preventing of accidents and ensure that lives and property are protected in the process.
• Manufacturing: NDT is widely used in an inspecting of production and finished goods with reference to welds, casting, forging and others. This helps in ensuring that the manufactured goods that are produced have the required quality.

 Describe different types of destructive and non-destructive tests?
Destructive test: bend test, tensile test, impact test, and hardness test.
Non-destructive test: DPT, MPT, radiography and ultrasonic test.
What are the different types of hardness tests carried out?
Brinell Hardness Test.
Rockwell Hardness Test.
Vicker Hardness Test.
What is the relation between Brinell Hardness No. and Rockwell Hardness No.?
22 HRC (Rockwell Hardness) = 238 BHN (Brinell Hardness No) Harder.

NDT is an essential tool for ensuring the safety, quality, and reliability of products and structures.