Spring Support
A spring support is used to sustain the dead weight of pipelines, to restrict the movement and to eliminate vibration caused by thermal expansion including mechanical or fluid vibration, earthquakes and wind effects.
Spring support shall be provided with means to prevent misalignment, buckling, and to prevent unintentional disengagement of the load.
Types of Spring Supports:
Variable Hangers or Spring Hangers – most frequently used as hangers for high-temperature piping systems, which may be affected by thermal elongation. It is recommended for relatively small displacement.
Constant Hangers – is used for cases like, the movement of a supporting point is so large and piping stress result is over the allowable values. It is called a “constant hanger” because of their capability to support the pipes with a constant load at any time regardless of vertical movement of the supporting point.
Spring –type Vibration Eliminators – also called Sway Braces, are identical to spring hangers in their resistance against thermal expansion. It should be installed at a location where the thermal displacement is as small as possible.
3.1 Process Vent
Take out air remaining in piping systems before and while injecting the testing fluid into the system for pressure testing. It also used to suck out air remaining in a pump before starting operation. (when the pump suction line has air pockets)
3.2 Process Drain
Provided to discharge the fluid (liquid) existing in the piping system. It is also used for injecting pressure testing fluid into equipment/ piping.
3.3 Pressure Gauge
A pressure gauge measures the pressure in a pipe or vessel. The result may be read at place or transferred to the control room.
3.4 Sampling Connection
A sampling Connection is a valve that allows the smooth extraction of product samples along the pipeline or from equipment like a tank or reactor.
3.5 Sample Cooler
A sample cooler is a device that cools the process fluid before it is released to the sampling point using water as a cooling medium.
3.6 Thermowell
It is a unit for the protection of the temperature instrument bulb.
3.7 Gate Valve
Is the most common type that plants use. It is widely used for on & off and not suitable for flow regulation (throttling).
3.8 Globe Valve
It is used for regulation (control flow). Tight shut off, one directional valve and more pressure drop.
3.9 Ball Valve
It is used for regulation (control flow) and on-off. Quick operation (90°-Turn ) and available in reduced & full bore.
3.10 Check Valve
It let flow in one direction only.
3.11 Diaphragm Valve
It is used for on-off and throttling. Good for handling slurries, corrosive fluids, sludges, and food.
3.12 Plug Valve
It is used for shut-off at low pressures.
3.13 Butterfly Valve
It is used for on-off and throttling.
3.14 Steam Trap
A steam trap serves as an automatic valve, which removes the hot condensate, air and other non-condensable gases as they reduce the efficiency of the heat transfer from a steam header or steam equipment. Steam traps open to release condensate, air and gases but close to keep the steam in.
3.15 Drain Trap
A drain trap serves as an automatic loss prevention valve. Removing water, moisture or oil may be done manually or using a drain trap. A drain trap opens to discharge fluids and closes to prevent air and gas loss.
3.16 Spring Support
A spring support is used to sustain the dead weight of pipelines, to restrict the movement and to eliminate vibration caused by thermal expansion including mechanical or fluid vibration, earthquakes and wind effects. Spring support shall be provided with means to prevent misalignment, buckling, and to prevent unintentional disengagement of the load.
3.17 Spring Hanger
Most frequently used as hangers for high-temperature piping systems, which may be affected by thermal elongation. It is recommended for relatively small displacement.
3.18 Spectacle Blinds, Spade & Spacers
A Spectacle blind is used to block the path of the fluid when it is intended to block the path for a relatively longer time and to prevent any leakage. Spade and Spacers are also used for the same purpose but for larger sizes. The Spade blocks the path whereas the Spacer fill-in the space when the Spade is removed.
Spring Loaded Ball Valve
A spring-loaded ball valve is a manual valve that closes or opens automatically using a spring. Once operated, this valve remains in its operating position only as long as the handle is held firmly by the person operating the valve, by a cable or other similar means. As soon as the handle is released from the operating position, it springs back to its inoperative position. Most valves/handles are designed to spring-to-close. A common application is in toxic service lines where it is important that once an accident occurs, and the operator becomes unconscious, the valve is closed immediately.
Insulation Joints
FUNCTION OF PIPING COMPONENT
An Insulation Joint is used to electrically isolate the Pipeline from the Piping. The purpose is to protect the cathodic protection system of a buried Pipeline by obstructing the flow of the current to the Piping attached with the Pipeline. It is, normally, installed when a buried Pipeline comes up on the ground.
The secondary purpose of an Insulation Joint is to endure the large movements of a Pipeline, which an insulation flange cannot bear.
Expansion Joints
Expansion Joint is applied for expansion or contraction of piping due to temperature of the coming air or fluid, movement of piping due to settlers of ground, earthquake and wind pressure. For damping of vibration and noise generated by the equipment like pumps, turbines, blowers, etc. A bellows is a flexible seal, which is the coiled portion of an expansion joint. It is designed to flex when thermal movements occur in the piping system. The number of convolutions depends upon the amount of the force that must be used to accomplish this deflection. The convoluted element must be strong enough circumferentially to withstand the line pressure of the system, yet responsive enough longitudinally to flex. The longitudinal load must then be absorbed by some other type of devices, such as anchors, tie rods, hinges, or gimbal structures.
1 What is Piping Layout? (Purpose of Piping Layout)
To determine the following:
a. Equipment Layout
b. Construction & Structure (configuration & elevation)
c. Equipment (vessel) nozzle orientation, platform, lug & ladder (location & configuration)
d. Piping Arrangement (line routing, location of piping component & instrument)
e. Electrical/ Instrument cable layout, location local panel, junction boxer lighting, etc.
f. Location of buried piping & drip funnels.
2 Related Work for Piping Layout
a. Plot Plan Preparation
b. Design Info Preparation
c. Piping Strength Analysis
d. Piping Material Take-off
e. Piping Drawing Preparation
3 Data Gathering & Verification
a. Collect necessary Documents
b. Verify Accuracy
4 Preparation of Basic Piping Layout Plan
a. Piping Conceptual Routing
b. Equipment Layout
c. Civil/Structure Formation
d. Valve & Instrument Assembly
e. Electrical/Instrument Cable Routing
f. Fire Escape Routes/ Maintenance Area
5 Preparation of Breakdown of Piping Layout
a. By Facilities
b. By Section of Facilities
c. By Structure
d. By Unit
6 Determination of Area of Priority
a. Tight Schedule for Design Info. Issuance
b. Some connection with other company (Hook-Up)
c. Plot Plan to Fix Early
d. Complete Set of Documents
e. Having Lines w/ High Temperature: High Pressure (material to be use is high Grade (special) material & Large Size)
f. Piping Material to be Ordered Early.
Insulated Bolts and Gaskets
An insulated bolt and gasket is used to protect the pipeline from corrosion. When dissimilar flange materials are used in services with a suitable electrolyte and a conductive bolt and gasket, a galvanic cell may be set-up. Thus, the flange with the anodic metal (between the two) gets corroded. Another use is to isolate flange joints just before the pipe goes underground by preventing the flow of electrostatic charge along the pipelines. To prevent these situations, insulated bolts and gaskets are used.
Choke Valve
A choke valve is a valve that changes the flow rate of the fluid at very high operating pressures with only a slight pressure drop. It is also used when changing the conditions of a line from high pressure, high flow rate to a lower pressure, lower flow rate. It is capable of handling erosive fluids with sand and grit. This valve is typically used in wellheads before the fluid is brought to the process area
Flame Arresters
A flame arrester serves as a safety device installed to pipelines transporting flammable or explosive gases or vapor. In the event of an ignition of these materials, damage to lives and property can be minimized by installing a flame arrester in-line or at the end of a piping system. The flame arrester puts off the flame as it enters through it by reducing the temperature of the flame below the auto-ignition point of the gas.
Spray Nozzles
A spray nozzle is used for various applications, ideal for parts and other cleaning applications, cooling and drying, moving of materials, water, and oil cut-off, sludge removal, or other similar operations that depend on a controlled blast of compressed air.
The unit can be fitted to standard piping, or flexible hosing.
DESUPER HEATER
Desuperheater is a device fitted with one or more spray nozzles, in which the quantity of spray nozzles depends upon the capacity. These inject a fine spray of cooling water or feed water into a section of pipe where the superheated steam passed through, absorbing the heat from the steam and reducing the quantity of superheat. To achieve the maximum mixing efficiency of steam and spray water, the direction of water injection is parallel to the steam flow.
Car Seal
A car seal is a mechanical means of securing a valve in a certain operating position using a seal and a cable. After a special locking key makes the seal, operation may be done only by means of cutting the cable. Hence, it cannot be reused. This is used for valves designated in the P&ID as “car-seal open” or “car-seal closed”.
ASME/ANSI B16 - Standards of Pipes and Fittings
The ASME B16 Standards covers pipes and fittings in cast iron ,cast bronze ,wrought copper and steel.
The ASME (American Society of Mechanical Engineers) - ASME/ANSI B16 Standards covers pipes and fittings in cast iron , cast bronze, wrought copper and steel.
ASME/ANSI B16.1 - 1998 - Cast Iron Pipe Flanges and Flanged Fittings
This Standard for Classes 25, 125, and 250 Cast Iron Pipe Flanges and Flanged Fittings covers:
(a) pressure-temperature ratings,
(b) sizes and method of designating openings of reducing fittings,
(c) marking,
(d) minimum requirements for materials,
(e) dimensions and tolerances,
(f) bolt, nut, and gasket dimensions and
(g) tests.
ASME/ANSI B16.3 - 1998 - Malleable Iron Threaded Fittings
This Standard for threaded malleable iron fittings Classes 150, and 300 provides requirements for the following:
(a) pressure-temperature ratings
(b) size and method of designating openings of reducing fittings
(c) marking
(d) materials
(e) dimensions and tolerances
(f) threading
(g) coatings
ASME/ANSI B16.4 - 1998 - Cast Iron Threaded Fittings
This Standard for gray iron threaded fittings, Classes 125 and 250 covers:
(a) pressure-temperature ratings
(b) size and method of designating openings of reducing fittings
(c) marking
(d) material
(e) dimensions and tolerances
(f) threading, and
(g) coatings
ASME/ANSI B16.5 - 1996 - Pipe Flanges and Flanged Fittings
The ASME B16. 5-1996 Pipe Flanges and Flange Fittings standard lays down the pressure-temperature ratings of the flanges, material specifications, design dimensions, tolerances, mark and test requirements and the methods of designating the opening for the flanges and flanged fittings. This standard covers flanges with rating classes 150, 300, 400, 600, 900, 1500, and 2500 with sizes NPS ½ to NPS 24 and in both metric and US units are provided. The Standard applied to flanges and flanged fittings manufactured from cast or forging materials, blind flanges and some kinds of reducing flanges made from cast, forging or plate materials. This Standard also covers requirements and recommendations for procedures for flange bolting, gasket, and joint.
ASME/ANSI B16. 9 - 2001 - Factory-Made Wrought Steel Buttwelding Fittings
This Standard provides requirements for overall dimensions, tolerances, rating class, examination, and marking of factory-made wrought buttwelding fittings of NPS from ½” to 48 (DN 15-1200).
ASME/ANSI B16.10 - 2000 - Face-to-Face and End-to-End Dimensions of Valves
The following dimensions in straightway valves are covered by face-to-face dimensions and end-to-end dimensions, while face-to-center and center-to-end values for the angle valves. Its specific goals are to facilitate the interchangeability of valve installations for the following design parameters: material, type and size, rating class and end connection type.
ASME/ANSI B16. 11- 2001 Forged Steel Fittings,Socket Welding & Threaded Forging Suit Induction.This Standard deals with the Ratings, dimensions, tolerances, marking and material specifications for forged fittings, which includes both the socket-welding and threaded types.
ASME/ANSI B16. 12 - 1998 - Cast Iron Threaded Drainage Fittings
This Standard for cast iron threaded drainage fittings covers:
(a) size and method of designating openings in reducing fittings
(b) marking
(c) materials
(d) dimensions and tolerances
(e) threading
(f) ribs
(g) coatings
(h) face bevel discharge nozzles, input shafts, base plates, and foundation bolt holes
ASME/ANSI B16.14 - 1991
Ferrous Pipe Plugs, Bushings and Locknuts with Pipe Threads
This Standard for Ferrous Pipe Plugs, Bushings, and Locknuts with Pipe Threads covers:
(a) pressure-temperature ratings:
(b) size;
(c) marking;
(d) materials;
(e) dimensions and tolerances;
(f) threading; and
(g) pattern taper.
ASME/ANSI B16.15 - 1985 (R1994) - Cast Bronze Threaded Fittings
This Standard pertains primarily to cast Class 125 and Class 250 bronze threaded pipe fittings. Certain requirements also pertain to wrought or cast plugs, bushings, couplings, and caps. This Standard covers:
(a) pressure-temperature ratings;
(b) size and method of designating openings of reducing pipe fittings;
(c) marking;
(d) minimum requirements for casting quality and materials;
(e) dimensions and tolerances in U.S. customary and metric (SI) units;
(f) threading.
ASME/ANSI B16.18 - 1984 (R1994) - Cast Copper Alloy Solder Joint Pressure Fittings
This Standard for cast copper alloy solder joint pressure fittings designed for use with copper water tube, establishes requirements for:
(a) Pressure-temperature ratings;
(b) Abbreviations for end connections;
(c) Sizes and method of designating openings of fittings;
(d) Marking;
(e) Material;
(f) Dimensions and tolerances; and
(g) Tests.
ASME/ANSI B16.20 - 1998 - Metallic Gaskets for Pipe Flanges-Ring-Joint, Spiral-Would, and Jacketed
It applies to materials, size, allowable variation, and marking of the metal ring-joint gaskets, spiral-wound metal gaskets and the metal jacketed gaskets and the filler material used. These gaskets are dimensionally appropriate to be used with the flanges outlined in the reference flange standards ASME/ANSI B16. 5, ASME B16. 47, and API-6A. This standard deals with the spiral-wound metal gaskets, and the metal jacketed gaskets to be used in conjunction with the raised face and flat face flanges. Replaces API-601 or API-601.
ASME/ANSI B16. 21 - 1992 - Nonmetallic Flat Gaskets for Pipe Flanges
This Standard for nonmetallic flat gaskets for bolted flanged joints in piping includes:
(a) types and sizes;
(b) materials;
(c) dimensions and allowable tolerances.
ASME/ANSI B16.22 - 1995 - Wrought Copper and Copper Alloy Solder Joint Pressure Fittings
The Standard establishes specifications for wrought copper and wrought copper alloy, solder-joint, seamless fittings, designed for use with seamless copper tube conforming to ASTM B 88 (water and general plumbing systems), B 280 (air conditioning and refrigeration service), and B 819 (medical gas systems), as well as fittings intended to be assembled with soldering materials conforming to ASTM B 32, brazing materials conforming to AWS A5.8, or with tapered pipe thread conforming to ASME B1.20.1. This Standard is allied with ASME B16.18, which covers cast copper alloy pressure fittings. It provides requirements for fitting ends suitable for soldering. This Standard covers:
(a) pressure temperature ratings;
(b) abbreviations for end connections;
(c) size and method of designating openings of fittings;
(d) marking;
(e) material;
(f) dimension and tolerances; and
(g) tests.
ASME/ANSI B16.23 - 1992 - Cast Copper Alloy Solder Joint Drainage Fittings (DWV)
The Standard lays down requirements for the cast copper alloy solder joint drainage fittings intended for use in drain, waste, and vent DWV applications. These fittings are created for use with seamless copper tube, in accordance with ASTM B 306, Copper Drainage Tube (DWV) or with fittings that are intended to be soldered with ASTM B 32 soldering materials, or tapered pipe thread as per ASME B1. 20. 1. This standard is related with ASME B16. 29 Wrought Copper and Wrought Copper Alloy Solder Joint Drainage Fittings-DWV. From it one can get requirements for fitting ends to Soldering purposes.This standard covers:
(a) description;
(b) pitch (slope);
(c) abbreviations for end connections;
(d) sizes and methods for designing openings for reducing fittings;
(e) marking;
(f) material; and
(g) dimensions and tolerances.
ASME/ANSI B16.24 - 1991 (R1998) - Cast Copper Alloy Pipe Flanges and Flanged Fittings
This Standard for Classes 25, 125, 250, and 800 Cast Iron Pipe Flanges and Flanged Fittings covers:
(a) pressure temperature ratings,
(b) sizes and methods of designating openings for reduced fittings,
(c) marking,
(d) minimum requirements for materials,
(e) dimensions and tolerances,
(f) bolt, nut, and gasket dimensions, and
(g) tests.
ASME/ANSI B16.25 - 1997 - Buttwelding Ends
The Standard covers the preparation of butt welding ends of piping components to be joined into a piping system by welding. It includes
requirements for welding bevels, for external and internal shaping of heavy-wall components, and for preparation of internal ends
(including dimensions and tolerances). Coverage includes preparation for joints with the following.
(a) no backing rings;
(b) split or non continuous backing rings;
(c) solid or continuous backing rings;
(d) consumable insert rings;
(e) gas tungsten are welding (GTAW) of the root pass. Details of preparation for any backing ring must be specified in ordering the component.
ASME/ANSI B16.26 - 1988 - Cast Copper Alloy Fittings for Flared Copper Tubes
This standard for Cast Copper Alloy Fitting for Flared Copper Tubes covers:
(a) pressure rating;
(b) material;
(c) size;
(d) threading;
(e) marking.
ASME/ANSI B16.28 - 1994 - Wrought Steel Buttwelding Short Radius Elbows and Returns
This Standard covers ratings, overall dimensions, testing, tolerances, and markings for wrought carbon and alloy steel buttwelding short radius elbows and returns. The term wrought denotes fittings made of pipe, tubing, plate, or forgings.
ASME/ANSI B16.29 - 1994 - Wrought Copper and Wrought Copper Alloy Solder Joint Drainage Fittings (DWV)
The standard for wrought copper and wrought copper alloy solder joint drainage fittings, designed for use with copper drainage tube, covers:
(a) Description,
(b) Pitch (slope),
(c) Abbreviations for End Connections,
(d) Sizes and Method of Designating Openings for Reducing Fittings,
(e) Marking,
(f) Material,
(g) Dimensions and Tolerances.
ASME/ANSI B16.33 - 1990 - Manually Operated Metallic Gas Valves for Use in Gas Piping Systems Up to 125 psig
General This Standard covers requirements for manually operated metallic valves sizes NPS 1.2 through NPS 2, for outdoor installation as gas shut-off valves at the end of the gas service line and before the gas regulator and meter where the designated gauge pressure of the gas piping system does not exceed 125 psi (8.6 bar). The Standard applies to valves operated in a temperature environment between .20 degrees F and 150 degrees F (.29 degrees C and 66 degrees C). Design This Standard sets forth the minimum capabilities, characteristics, and properties, which a valve at the time of manufacture must possess, in order to be considered suitable for use in gas piping systems.
ASME/ANSI B16.34 - 1996 - Valves - Flanged, Threaded, and Welding End
This standard applies to new valve construction and covers pressure-temperature ratings, dimensions, tolerances, materials, nondestructive examination requirements, testing, and marking for cast, forged, and fabricated flanged, threaded, and welding end, and wafer or flangeless valves of steel, nickel-base alloys, and other alloys shown in Table 1. Wafer or flangeless valves, bolted or through-bolt types, that are installed between flanges or against a flange shall be treated as flanged end valves.
ASME/ANSI B16.36 - 1996 - Orifice Flanges
This Standard covers flanges (similar to those covered in ASME B16.5) that have orifice pressure differential connections. Coverage is limited to the following:
(a) welding neck flanges Classes 300, 400, 600, 900, 1500, and 2500
(b) slip-on and threaded Class 300
Orifice, Nozzle and Venturi Flow Rate Meters
ASME/ANSI B16.38 - 1985 (R1994) - Large Metallic Valves for Gas Distribution
The standard covers only manually operated metallic valves in nominal pipe sizes 2 1/2 through 12 having the inlet and outlet on a common center line, which are suitable for controlling the flow of gas from open to fully closed, for use in distribution and service lines where the maximum gage pressure at which such distribution piping systems may be operated in accordance with the code of federal regulations (cfr), title 49, part 192, transportation of natural and other gas by pipeline; minimum safety standard, does not exceed 125 psi (8.6 bar). Valve seats, seals and stem packing may be nonmetallic.
ASME/ANSI B16.39 - 1986 (R1998) - Malleable Iron Threaded Pipe Unions
This Standard for threaded malleable iron unions, classes 150, 250, and 300, provides requirements for the following:
(a) design
(b) pressure-temperature ratings
(c) size
(d) marking
(e) materials
(f) joints and seats
(g) threads
(h) hydrostatic strength
(i) tensile strength
(j) air pressure test
(k) sampling
(l) coatings
(m) dimensions
ASME/ANSI B16.40 - 1985 (R1994) - Manually Operated Thermoplastic Gas
The Standard covers manually operated thermoplastic valves in nominal sizes 1.2 through 6 (as shown in Table 5). These valves are suitable for use below ground in thermoplastic distribution mains and service lines. The maximum pressure at which such distribution piping systems may be operated is in accordance with the Code of Federal Regulation (CFR) Title 49, Part 192, Transportation of Natural and Other Gas by Pipeline; Minimum Safety Standards, for temperature ranges of .20 deg. F to 100 deg. F (.29 deg. C to 38 deg. C). This Standard sets qualification requirements for each nominal valve size for each valve design as a necessary condition for demonstrating conformance to this Standard. This Standard sets requirements for newly manufactured valves for use in below ground piping systems for natural gas [includes synthetic natural gas (SNG)], and liquefied petroleum (LP) gases (distributed as a vapor, with or without the admixture of air) or mixtures thereof.
ASME/ANSI B16.42 - 1998 - Ductile Iron Pipe Flanges and Flanged Fittings, Classes 150 and 300
The Standard covers minimum requirements for Class 150 and 300 cast ductile iron pipe flanges and flanged fittings. The requirements covered are as follows:
(a) pressure-temperature ratings
(b) sizes and method of designating openings
(c) marking
(d) materials
(e) dimensions and tolerances
(f) blots, nuts, and gaskets
(g) tests
ASME/ANSIB16.44 - 1995 - Manually Operated Metallic Gas Valves for Use in House Piping Systems
This Standard applies to new valve construction and covers quarter turn manually operated metallic valves in sizes NPS 1/2-2 which are intended for indoor installation as gas shutoff valves when installed in indoor gas piping between a gas meter outlet & the inlet connection to a gas appliance.
ASME/ANSI B16.45 - 1998 - Cast Iron Fittings for Solvent Drainage Systems
The Standard for cast iron drainage fittings used on self-aerating, one-pipe Solvent drainage systems, covers the following:
(a) description
(b) sizes and methods for designating openings for reducing fittings
(c) marking
(d) material
(e) pitch
(f) design
(g) dimensions and tolerances
(h) tests
ASME/ANSI B16.47 - 1996 - Large Diameter Steel Flanges: NPS 26 through NPS 60
This Standard covers pressure-temperature ratings, materials, dimensions, tolerances, marking, and testing for pipe flanges in sizes NPS 26 through NPS 60 and in ratings Classes 75, 150,0300, 400, 600, and 900. Flanges may be cast, forged, or plate (for blind flanges only) materials. Requirements and recommendations regarding bolting and gaskets are also included.
ASME/ANSI B16.48 - 1997 - Steel Line Blanks
The Standard covers pressure-temperature ratings, materials, dimensions, tolerances, marking, and testing for operating line blanks in sizes NPS 1/2 through NPS 24 for installation between ASME B16. 5 flanges in the 150, 300, 600, 900, 1500, and 2500 pressure classes.
ASME/ANSI B16.49 - 2000 - Factory-Made Wrought Steel Buttwelding Induction Bends for Transportation and Distribution Systems
This Standard covers design, material, manufacturing, testing, marking, and inspection requirements for factory-made pipeline bends of carbon steel materials having controlled chemistry and mechanical properties, produced by the induction bending process, with or without tangents. This Standard covers induction bends for transportation and distribution piping applications (e.g., ASME B31.4, B31.8, and B31.11) Process and power piping have differing requirements and materials that may not be appropriate for the restrictions and examinations
Sample Coolers
A sample cooler is a device that cools the process fluid before it is released to the sampling point using water as a cooling medium.
Flexible Metal Tube
A flexible metal tube is used for absorbing displacement of high-pressure pipes, as well as for preventing vibration of pipes and other equipments.